2018年轨道上大约有2,000颗卫星，但如今仅星链就已有超过9,000颗卫星，而相关申请允许SpaceX最多发射42,000颗。加上OneWeb、Amazon、千帆和国网等其他“巨型星座”，模拟显示到2040年在约2,000公里以下的近地轨道上可能会有大约500,000颗卫星。

Borlaff团队模拟了这些卫星蜂群如何影响四台空间望远镜——哈勃、SPHEREx、ARRAKIHS和巡天号——发现大约三分之一的哈勃图像可能被污染。对于其他三台望远镜，约96%的曝光可能受到影响，SPHEREx、ARRAKIHS和巡天号每幅图像平均分别会出现5.6条、69条和92条卫星条纹，宽视场且轨道较低的仪器尤为脆弱。

缓解措施包括降低卫星反射率、共享精确轨道数据，以及像詹姆斯·韦布空间望远镜那样把未来望远镜送到远离低轨杂乱环境、距离地球150万公里的轨道。Borlaff希望，通过类似1987年《蒙特利尔议定书》和2022年成立的国际天文学联合会“暗静天空防护中心”等外交与监管举措，能够在商业压力之下限制卫星数量或调整轨道。

I'm looking at mitigation strategies, like altitudes for the JWST, which is around 1.5 million kilometers. I'm thinking about how this relates to the Montreal Protocol from 1987 and the IAU center in 2022. I should keep my summary concise here, maybe just two sentences.

Now, for the translations, I need to prepare the Chinese versions of the first three paragraphs, even though the user wanted the English first. I just need to ensure the translations accurately reflect the English content.

For example, in 2018, there were about 2,000 satellites in orbit, but that number has skyrocketed to more than 9,000 Starlink satellites today. SpaceX is even permitted to launch up to 42,000, and when you factor in other mega-constellations, we could hit around 500,000 satellites in low-Earth orbit by 2040!

Source: Surging satellite numbers threaten to dazzle even space telescopes

Subtitle: Low-flying satellites can ruin astronomical observations

Dateline: 12月 04, 2025 04:51 上午