研究者 Sarah Sajedi（加拿大康考迪亚大学博士生）回顾了超过 140 篇论文，估算一般人每年因食物与饮水摄入约 39,000–52,000 个微塑胶颗粒；若每日饮用瓶装水，年摄入量几乎会再增加约 90,000 个。她强调瓶装水可作紧急用途，但不宜成为日常依赖，因为慢性风险仍缺乏充分证据。

微塑胶尺寸约为 1 微米（毫米的 1/1,000）到 5 毫米；纳米塑胶更小，<1 微米。这些颗粒在瓶子制造、储存、运输与分解过程中持续生成，低品质塑胶在日照、温度变化与挤压摩擦下更易释出；与经食物链进入不同，瓶装水的风险在于颗粒被直接饮入。

文中指出颗粒可能进入血液并到达器官，引发慢性发炎与氧化压力，进而与内分泌干扰、生殖功能受损、神经系统损伤及部分癌症风险相关，但长期效应仍不明，原因包括检测方法各有盲点、最可靠仪器昂贵且难以普及，导致量测难标准化。同时，全球对塑胶瓶的管制相对落后于塑胶袋、吸管等，一些美加地区虽有动作，但整体框架仍在起步。

A literature review of 140+ papers estimates that people ingest about 39,000–52,000 microplastic particles per year from food and drinking water, and daily bottled-water drinkers take in nearly 90,000 additional particles annually. The article argues bottled water may be acceptable in emergencies but is a poor default for everyday use while chronic risks remain understudied.

Microplastics are defined as ~1 micrometer (1/1,000 of a millimeter) up to 5 mm, while nanoplastics are <1 micrometer. Particles can be generated during bottle manufacturing, storage, transport, and breakdown, with lower-quality plastics shedding more under sunlight, temperature swings, and handling; unlike food-chain exposure, bottle-derived particles are ingested directly in drinking water.

Potential pathways described include entry into the bloodstream and organs, triggering chronic inflammation and oxidative stress, with reported associations to endocrine disruption, reproductive impairment, nervous-system damage, and some cancers—yet long-term health effects remain unclear due to limited testing and nonstandard measurement. Detection methods trade off size sensitivity vs chemical identification, and the most reliable instruments are costly and unevenly available. Regulation has focused more on bags, straws, and packaging than bottles; some US/Canada regions are acting, but global rules are still nascent.