丹尼尔·克莱尔（Damien Claire）47岁，现在管理一个位于佛罗里达的 Atlantic Sapphire 陆基设施，一个 450,000 加仑（约 1.7 百万升）的循环水槽内有约 30,000 尾成鱼。这个屋顶滴水的养殖场所反映了创办人 Johan Andreassen 在 2011 年从华尔街科技职位招募 Claire 后的转向。1990 年代，Andreassen 与 Bjorn-Vegard Lovik 在挪威于开放海域的 net-pen 加入清洁鱼以降低海虱死亡，但该系统仍面临海虱爆发、疾病和大规模逃逸风险；sea-pen 鲑鱼仍供应全球 99% 市场，死亡率估计为 10%–15%。
全球每年消费约 3.8 百万公吨鲑鱼（约 7 亿条），支撑著一个约 190 亿美元的产业，预计十年内将翻倍以上。美国是总量最大的消费国，人均每年约 3 磅（1.36 公斤），但仍从加拿大、智利与挪威进口 96% 供应。为了降低供应链风险与碳暴露，Atlantic Sapphire 从丹麦转向南佛州：一座投资 2.5 亿美元（约 250 百万美元）的 Homestead 设施，设计产能为每年 9,500 公吨。公司于 2019 年宣布 2026 年达 90,000 公吨、2031 年超过 180,000 公吨的目标，随后于 2021 年展开第二期扩建，使用 36 个 580,000 加仑（约 220 万升）的水槽。
BCG 已识别出超过 110 个类似陆基项目。Superior Fresh 于 2018 年在威斯康辛州开设美国第一座此类设施（100,000 平方英尺）并正在印第安那扩建。于 RAS 中，精准控制用于减少化学药剂、杀虫剂与抗生素；Atlantic Sapphire 在孵化到加工全流程追踪约 10,000 个感测器，并用 AI 视觉分析优化喂食。其死亡率低于 2%，但成本仍高：前期资本支出可达 net-pen 的 12 倍，营运成本亦可高 50%，主要来自循环与冷却所需电力。Lars Daniel Garshol 预测陆基将逐步主导，因为 net-pen 养殖面临贸易限制、产能上限、部分美国州份禁养以及英属哥伦比亚逐步淘汰；Atlantic Sapphire 的目标是供应美国约七分之一的鲑鱼需求。
Damien Claire, 47, now guides a 450,000-gallon (1.7 million L) Atlantic Sapphire bluehouse tank holding about 30,000 mature salmon. This Florida operation, where water drips from overhead pipes, reflects founder Johan Andreassen’s shift after recruiting Claire in 2011 from a Wall Street tech role. In the 1990s Andreassen and Bjorn-Vegard Lovik reduced sea-lice deaths in Norway by adding cleaner fish to open-water net-pens, but that system still faces lice outbreaks, disease, and mass escapes; net-pen salmon still supplies 99% of the global market with a 10%–15% mortality rate.
About 3.8 million metric tons of salmon (around 700 million fish) are consumed yearly, supporting a roughly $19 billion industry expected to more than double in ten years. The U.S. is the largest-volume consumer, about 3 pounds (1.36 kg) per person per year, yet still imports 96% of supply from Canada, Chile and Norway. To cut chain risk and carbon exposure, Atlantic Sapphire moved from Denmark to South Florida: a $250 million Homestead facility designed for 9,500 metric tons annually. In 2019 it announced targets of 90,000 mt by 2026 and over 180,000 mt by 2031, then began 2021 expansion with 36 tanks of 580,000 gallons each (about 2.2 million L).
BCG has identified more than 110 similar land-based projects. Superior Fresh opened the first U.S. such facility in 2018 (100,000 sq ft) in Wisconsin and is adding Indiana capacity. In RAS, precision control is used to reduce chemicals, pesticides, and antibiotics; Atlantic Sapphire tracks about 10,000 sensors across hatchery-to-processing and uses AI camera analytics to optimize feeding. Its mortality is below 2%, but costs remain high: capex can be up to 12 times and opex up to 50% higher, mainly because of electricity for recirculation and cooling. Lars Daniel Garshol expects land-based dominance as net-pen farming faces trade limits, density caps, state bans, and phase-outs in British Columbia; Atlantic Sapphire targets one-seventh of U.S. salmon demand.