在伊朗冲突前两周就释放至少 5,000,000 公吨二氧化碳当量，每枚导弹约 0.14 吨，约等于开车行驶 350 英里（约 563 公里）的排放。排放亦来自导弹制造与供应链、战斗机出动、海军行动、起火、燃料消耗及重建，因此伤害不只限于爆炸瞬间。Tehran 在同时期遭到超过 30 处油设施打击，接著出现浓密黑烟与黑雨，环境冲击又向南黎巴嫩与海湾区蔓延。仅约 45 天内，黎巴嫩就有 50,000 户住宅受损或毁坏（17,756 栋毁坏、32,668 栋受损），伊朗则有 7,645 栋建物倒塌，其中 Tehran 超过 1,200 栋，显示伤害是累加性的，而非单一事件。

在陆域，Antoine Kallab 指出，战争造成的人口位移本身就会重塑生态系统，且废墟在烟雾散去后仍可能长久存在。以 2024 年黎巴嫩战事为例，仅三个月就产生 15–20 百万吨 rubble，约等于和平时期二十年的产量。建筑毁损会将塑胶、溶剂、保温纤维、重金属、石棉与其他污染物渗入土壤和水体，若道路、水网与卫生设施同步崩坏，风险更高。海域方面，既有的变暖与栖地流失压力下又叠加战争中的重复击打与外泄；海湾为浅、暖、半封闭海域，污染物更易滞留。当地约有 7,000 只儒艮与不足 100 头阿拉伯座头鲸，污染扩散使其暴露升高。2026 年 3 月 Shahid Bagheri 漏油将重燃油带向 Hara Biosphere mangrove 栖地，另有 Basra、Kuwait 及 UAE 北方附近多起事故，也显示风险分散且累积。

空中冲击最明显但也最持久。燃烧石油与高爆药会排放黑碳、挥发性有机化合物（VOCs）、硫氧化物、氮氧化物、细悬浮微粒、PFAS 及能量化合物；黎巴嫩报导的白磷使用也可能改变土壤化学并威胁作物安全。研究估算每小时战斗机约排放 15 公吨二氧化碳，前期出动即累积超过 0.5 百万吨。Patrick Bigger 警告重金属与持久性有机污染物可能沿食物链生物累积，从土壤进入植物再到动物，CEOBS 的 Doug Weir 也指出冲突后治理能力下降，因政府需先处理住房与生计。黎巴嫩不少社区短期无法返乡，故环境修复被延后，结果就是连续、反复的千刀万剖式伤害，而非单次可见灾害。

The war’s first two weeks in Iran generated at least 5,000,000 metric tons of CO2-equivalent, with each missile strike around 0.14 tons, roughly the emissions from driving 350 miles (about 563 kilometers). Emissions also came from missile manufacture and supply chains, fighter sorties, naval operations, fires, fuel consumption, and reconstruction, so damage is not only from the blast itself. Tehran experienced strikes on more than 30 oil facilities, followed by dense black smoke and black rain, while ecological effects spread across southern Lebanon and the Gulf region. In only about 45 days, Lebanon reported 50,000 housing units destroyed or damaged (17,756 destroyed, 32,668 damaged), and Iran had 7,645 destroyed buildings with more than 1,200 in Tehran, indicating cumulative rather than single-event harm.

On land, Antoine Kallab noted that conflict-induced displacement itself reshapes ecosystems, and debris can remain dangerous long after fires and rubble are gone. He points to the 2024 Lebanon war where 15–20 million tons of rubble were generated in three months—roughly the output of about 20 peacetime years. Debris can leach plastics, solvents, insulation fibers, heavy metals, asbestos, and other pollutants into soil and water, with risks deepening where roads, water networks, and sanitation collapse. In the sea, repeated strikes and spills add to pre-existing stress from warming and habitat loss. The Gulf’s shallow, warm, semi-enclosed waters can hold contaminants; its roughly 7,000 dugongs and fewer than 100 Arabian humpback whales face elevated risk as pollutants spread. In March, a leak from the Shahid Bagheri ship sent heavy fuel oil toward the Hara Biosphere mangroves, while further incidents were reported near Basra, Kuwait, and north of the UAE.

Air impacts are highly visible and can be persistent. Burning oil and high explosives release black carbon, VOCs, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, fine particles, PFAS, and energetic compounds; reported white phosphorus use in Lebanon could also alter soil chemistry and crop safety. Researchers estimate each fighter-hour emits around 15 tons of CO2, and the first weeks of sorties alone exceeded 0.5 million tons. Bigger warned of heavy-metal and persistent organic pollutant bioaccumulation through food chains, and CEOBS director Doug Weir said governance weakens after conflict as governments prioritize shelter and livelihoods. In Lebanon, many communities cannot return quickly. Thus the environmental outcome is a prolonged chain of damage—a “death by a thousand cuts,” rather than a single observable disaster.