对欧洲官员而言，2025 年以一记震撼开场：美国副总统 JD Vance 在慕尼黑的严厉演说预告了美欧关系的持续磨损。乌克兰、移民与格陵兰仍是摩擦点，但更尖锐的争端集中在网际网路监管：特朗普政府将欧盟对线上平台的规则视为对美国企业的「奥威尔式」打压与审查；欧盟则把美方施压看作对其民主决策程序的攻击。

上周美方升级冲突，制裁了在德国与英国研究仇恨言论与假讯息的三家非营利组织中的 4 名负责人，并将前欧盟执委 Thierry Breton（文中称 70 岁）纳入，禁止入境。国务卿 Marco Rubio 称其为「激进行动者」与「全球审查工业复合体的代理人」；此类手段通常用于非法移民、恐怖主义或宗教暴力相关人士，因而更显罕见。Breton 主导的《数位服务法》(DSA) 要求大型平台更透明揭露非法与有害内容，科技公司（尤其 Elon Musk）强烈反弹；欧盟于 12 月首度依 DSA 对 X 开罚后，Musk 回呛「该废除欧盟」。

欧盟在社群媒体战场上的筹码仍不明朗，尤其若牵动更大的贸易协议。双方也出现「降温」迹象：欧盟一度暗示可能以 Musk 的整体私人帝国（含 SpaceX）作为罚款计算基础，最终仅裁罚 €1.2 亿（约 1.4 亿美元）；另据 Reuters，美方曾考虑制裁现任欧盟官员但未付诸。尽管如此，措辞与政治对抗正在升高：欧洲多地政界谴责制裁，法国总统 Macron 指其削弱「欧洲数位主权」；欧盟称必要时将「迅速且果断」回应，而 Rubio 也警告若对方不改弦易辙，名单可扩大。

For European officials, 2025 opened with a shock: a scolding Munich speech by U.S. Vice President JD Vance that signaled a year of fraying U.S.–Europe ties. While Ukraine, migration, and Greenland remain likely flashpoints, the sharper dispute is internet regulation. The Trump administration casts Europe’s platform rules as an Orwellian censorship affront to American companies, while EU leaders frame U.S. pressure as an attack on the bloc’s democratic lawmaking.

Last week, Washington escalated by sanctioning four leaders tied to nonprofits in Germany and the U.K. that research online hate speech and disinformation, plus former EU commissioner Thierry Breton, barring them from entering the U.S. Secretary of State Marco Rubio called them “radical activists,” a tactic usually aimed at migration, terrorism, or religious-violence cases—not a 70-year-old ex-bureaucrat. Breton’s Digital Services Act (DSA) forces big platforms to disclose more about illegal and harmful content; firms—especially Elon Musk—are pushing back after the first DSA fine on X in December.

EU leverage looks uncertain, especially if the fight risks a broader trade deal. Both sides have shown hints of restraint: the EU floated basing X’s penalty on Musk’s wider empire (including SpaceX) but ultimately imposed a comparatively small €120 million (about $140 million) fine; Reuters reported the Trump administration weighed targeting current EU officials but did not. Even so, the tone has hardened: European politicians condemned the sanctions, President Emmanuel Macron invoked “European digital sovereignty,” the Commission warned it could respond “swiftly and decisively,” and Rubio threatened to expand the list.