然而，西方政府必须警惕产业干预政策过度扩张。相较于中国政府对其企业提供的庞大财政支持，西方国家在财政和行政能力上无法与之全面抗衡，若缺乏明确边界，各行各业都将争取保护，导致政策难以收回并分散提升核心竞争力的资源。
因此，西方国家在制定应对策略时，应超越是否采取产业政策的争论，转而明确界定其限制。这需要清晰定义战略性产业、厘清可容忍的供应链依赖程度，并在非关键领域善用中国的低成本优势，以在确保安全的同时重建自身的经济竞争力。
In recent years, facing the threat of cheap Chinese imports and supply chain vulnerabilities exposed by the pandemic and geopolitical conflicts, Western governments have shifted their approach, increasingly accepting a larger role for the state in the economy and introducing subsidies and protections to build resilience in strategic sectors.
However, Western governments must guard against the overexpansion of these interventions. Compared to the massive state support Beijing provides to its enterprises, Western nations lack the fiscal and administrative capacity to prop up industries across the board, and without clear boundaries, political pressures will make these subsidies difficult to withdraw.
Therefore, as Western governments develop their response, they must move beyond debating whether to adopt industrial policies and instead define their limits. This requires clarifying what constitutes a strategic industry, determining tolerable levels of dependence, and leveraging Chinese low-cost inputs where appropriate to rebuild core economic competitiveness.