自习近平10月下旬最后一次出国以来，已有12位国家元首访问中国，凸显在美国锚点漂移之际，需求正在转向北京。5月，中国接连接待伊朗外长、特朗普、普京和巴基斯坦总理；习近平10月访问韩国，下一站预计可能是朝鲜，显示中国能跨越尖锐分裂线接触领导人。

中国的外交模式是广而浅的伙伴关系：它只有朝鲜这一个正式军事盟友，却据称将109个国家列为伙伴，包括乌克兰和俄罗斯、印度和巴基斯坦、以色列和巴勒斯坦、伊朗和沙特等对立组合。其等级从“全天候战略”伙伴关系到“合作”伙伴关系不等，核心要求通常是承认台湾属于中华人民共和国，并不批评新疆、西藏和香港等内部事务。

这种“非干涉”框架要求他国避免制衡中国权力，并继续向中国出口和投资开放市场，但回报有限，尤其不包括正式军事保护。2022年中俄“无上限”友谊帮助俄罗斯获得军民两用商品并向中国出售油气，却未变成联盟；近期中美“战略稳定的建设性关系”同样无义务，却把冲突定义为可控并要求美国少干涉。

Since Xi Jinping last left China in late October, 12 heads of state have visited China, highlighting a shift of demand toward Beijing as the American anchor drifts. In May, China received Iran’s foreign minister, Trump, Putin and Pakistan’s prime minister in quick succession; Xi visited South Korea in October, and his next trip may be to North Korea, showing China’s ability to reach leaders across sharp divides.

China’s diplomatic model is a broad but thin network of partnerships: it has only one formal military ally, North Korea, yet reportedly classifies 109 countries as partners, including opposing pairs such as Ukraine and Russia, India and Pakistan, Israel and Palestine, and Iran and Saudi Arabia. Its hierarchy ranges from “all-weather strategic” to “co-operative” partnerships, with core demands usually including acceptance that Taiwan belongs to the People’s Republic and silence on internal issues such as Xinjiang, Tibet and Hong Kong.

This “non-interference” framework asks other states not to check China’s power and to keep markets open to Chinese exports and investment, but offers limited returns, especially no formal military shield. The 2022 China-Russia “no limits” friendship helped Russia obtain dual-use goods and sell oil and gas to China, but did not become an alliance; the recent US-China “constructive relationship of strategic stability” likewise creates no obligations, but defines conflict as manageable and asks America to meddle less.

Source: China’s diplomatic successes are broad but shallow

Subtitle: It asks little of its foreign “partners”, and gives little back

Dateline: 5月 28, 2026 03:25 上午