美国参议院于8月7日以86票赞成、11票反对的压倒性多数通过了《林赛·格雷厄姆制裁俄罗斯与伊朗法案》，该法案已获得唐纳德·特朗普总统的支持。该法案不仅制裁俄罗斯官员、寡头、银行、国防工业和北极能源开发等能源项目，并规定制裁需待俄罗斯签署乌克兰接受的和平协议后方可解除，还罕见地授权对俄罗斯石油和天然气的前五大进口国以及协助规避制裁的国家征收高达100%的惩罚性关税。法案设置了豁免条款，免除购买量不足俄罗斯天然气出口总量15%且正采取减购措施的国家，并赋予总统广泛的“国家利益”豁免裁量权。
这一法案若全面执行将对俄罗斯经济造成重大打击，因为油气收入占俄罗斯政府总收入的20%至25%，而其经济今年可能陷入零增长的滞胀状态。在此之前，美国通过提供情报协助乌克兰打击俄罗斯能源基础设施，已引发俄罗斯国内燃料危机。数据显示，7月份俄罗斯化石燃料出口收入环比下降12%，管道原油出口收入下降21%，石油产品出口装载量环比骤降23%至历史最低水平；乌克兰近期更袭击了位于前线后方近1000英里的奥尔斯克炼油厂。
然而，法案的具体执行面临复杂的地缘政治和市场考量。俄罗斯原油的前三大买家是中国、印度和土耳其，北约成员国斯洛伐克以及依赖俄气的日本也可能受到波及。为防止全球油价飙升及损害美国企业利益，副总统J.D.万斯曾要求乌方暂停对黑海管道终端的袭击。10位投反对票的民主党参议员则担忧该法案赋予特朗普过大的关税自由裁量权，使惩罚性关税沦为无关贸易谈判中的筹码，或导致针对盟友与对手的差异化、选择性施压，进一步加剧了关税在外交博弈中的泛滥趋势。
On August 7th, the US Senate passed the Lindsey O. Graham Sanctioning Russia and Iran Act by a resounding 86 to 11 votes, backed by President Donald Trump. Beyond imposing rigid sanctions on Russian officials, oligarchs, financial institutions, defence firms, and Arctic energy projects—which cannot be lifted until Russia signs a peace accord accepted by Ukraine—the legislation introduces secondary tariffs of up to 100% on goods from the top five importers of Russian oil and gas. To shield certain allies, the bill exempts nations accounting for less than 15% of Russian gas exports that are actively reducing purchases, while providing the executive branch with broad national-interest waiver authority.
Full implementation could severely destabilize Russia’s state finances, as oil and gas generate 20% to 25% of total government revenues amid an economy facing stagflation and projected zero growth this year. American intelligence sharing has already facilitated Ukrainian strikes against Russian refining and pipeline infrastructure, triggering a domestic fuel shortage. Consequently, in July, Russian fossil-fuel export revenues contracted by 12% month on month, with pipeline crude revenues declining by 21% and refined oil-product loadings plunging by 23% to historic lows, punctuated by Ukrainian drone attacks reaching refineries nearly 1,000 miles behind the front lines.
Nevertheless, wide enforcement latitude creates diplomatic friction and economic trade-offs for the administration. Major buyers of Russian hydrocarbons include China, India, and Turkey, alongside NATO ally Slovakia and gas-dependent Japan. Fearing energy price spikes and corporate collateral damage, Vice-President J.D. Vance previously urged Ukraine to halt strikes on Black Sea terminals. Opposing Democratic senators warn that the legislation grants unprecedented tariff leverage to the president, risking selective enforcement against allies and transforming sanctions into bargaining chips for unrelated trade negotiations as secondary tariffs expand across American statecraft.
Source: Donald Trump is getting a new tariff weapon against Russia
Subtitle: But the president will have plenty of discretion over who gets hit
Dateline: 8月 13, 2026 03:42 上午