西班牙北部阿拉贡的一起土地争议，显示全球 AI 基础设施热潮如何延伸到小社区。Paz Orge Acebillo 的家人收到一封看似代表 Amazon Web Services 寄出的信，提出以私人协议收购他们持有近 50 年的土地，并给他们 4 天回复；她的家人起初以为那是诈骗，而她现在正就这项扩建计划起诉阿拉贡政府。阿拉贡已成为欧洲成长最快的资料中心枢纽之一，Amazon、Microsoft 等公司宣布的投资总额超过 €80 billion ($94.4 billion)，原因包括空地多、电价据称比欧洲平均低 20% 到 30%、劳动成本低于西班牙全国平均，以及去年近 90% 为可再生能源的电力结构。推动这波扩张的地区工具是 PIGA，这是一项 2015 年的法律机制，可加速专案、减少繁文缛节、免除税负，甚至在被认定具有公共利益的开发案中启动强制征收。

主要受益者是 AWS。它于 2022 年在 Zaragoza 和 Huesca 启用 3 座资料中心，并于 3 月初表示，将把投资额提高一倍以上至 €33.7 billion。地方估计显示，这 3 座中心已创造 700 到 950 个工作机会，但其中超过四分之三属于建筑类职位；阿拉贡官员则表示，更大范围的建设最终可创造数万个工作。当地供应商 Levitec 表示，在截至 2025 年的 5 年里，其营收成长了 10 倍，达到 €300 million，其中资料中心占销售额的 40%。Amazon 表示，未来 10 年将投资 €30 million 用于社区计划，而该地区预计未来几年将容纳约 25 处设施。即便如此，Villamayor de Gállego 和 Villanueva de Gállego 等市镇，以及环保行动者和学者，已就土地使用、用水、税务豁免与程序问题提出法律挑战；地方会议上也出现了关于电力短缺和干旱的警告。

这篇文章凸显了承诺中的成长与地方成本之间的尖锐取舍。在某些土地交易中，企业每平方公尺只付 €2，最高则达每平方公尺 €23，这加剧了怨气、对通膨的担忧以及邻里间的冲突；在 Cuarte，Amazon 计划中的园区据称面积相当于 98 个足球场。AWS 表示，这些影响是合理的，并且在某些调整上是依照地方要求行事；Microsoft 则表示，这种规模的专案只有透过 PIGA 才能开发，而且它将透过采购再生能源来满足所有资料中心的用电需求。不过，批评者质疑像 Virginia 那种 6-to-1 的就业倍数是否切实可行，而西班牙中央政府也已透过把未来许可与永续性和效率标准挂钩，释出加强监管的讯号。对 Acebillo 和 Villamayor 的市议员等居民而言，更深层的担忧是，水资源压力、电网负荷与土地流失是立即发生的，而长期利益可能不确定，或在社区已感到分裂与被边缘化之后才姗姗来迟。

A land dispute in Aragón, northern Spain, illustrates how the global AI infrastructure boom is reaching small communities. Paz Orge Acebillo’s family received a letter, apparently sent on behalf of Amazon Web Services, offering a private agreement to buy land they had owned for nearly 50 years and giving them 4 days to respond; her family initially thought it was a scam, and she is now suing the Aragón government over the expansion. Aragón has become one of Europe’s fastest growing data-center hubs, with announced investments from Amazon, Microsoft and others exceeding €80 billion ($94.4 billion), drawn by empty land, electricity prices said to be 20% to 30% below the European average, labor costs below Spain’s national average, and a power mix that was nearly 90% renewable last year. The regional tool driving this surge is PIGA, a 2015 legal mechanism that can fast-track projects, cut red tape, exempt taxes, and even enable forced expropriation for developments deemed of general interest.

The main beneficiary has been AWS, which opened 3 data centers in Zaragoza and Huesca in 2022 and then said in early March that it would more than double its investment to €33.7 billion. Local estimates say those first 3 centers have created between 700 and 950 jobs, though more than three-quarters are construction roles, and Aragón officials say the broader buildout could create tens of thousands of jobs; one local supplier, Levitec, said revenues rose tenfold to €300 million in the 5 years to 2025, with data centers making up 40% of sales. Amazon says it plans to invest €30 million over the next decade in community programs, while the region is expected to host about 25 facilities in coming years. Even so, municipalities such as Villamayor de Gállego and Villanueva de Gállego, along with environmental activists and academics, have filed legal challenges over land use, water, tax exemptions and procedural concerns, and local meetings have featured warnings about power shortages and drought.

The article highlights sharp trade-offs between promised growth and local costs. In some land deals, companies have paid as little as €2 per square meter and as much as €23 per square meter, fueling resentment, inflation worries and conflict among neighbors; in Cuarte, Amazon’s planned campus is said to cover the equivalent of 98 soccer pitches. AWS says the impacts are reasonable and that it acted on local requests in some adjustments, while Microsoft says projects of this scale can only be developed with a PIGA and that it will cover all data-center power needs with renewable purchases. Critics, however, question whether job multipliers such as Virginia’s 6-to-1 effect are realistic, and Spain’s central government has also signaled tighter oversight by tying future permissions to sustainability and efficiency criteria. For residents like Acebillo and Villamayor council members, the deeper worry is that water stress, grid strain and land loss are immediate, while the long-term benefits may be uncertain or arrive too late for communities already feeling divided and sidelined.