东南亚的重点已从打击暴力伊斯兰恐怖主义转向应对通过政治、法律和社会规范推进的和平伊斯兰化。印尼新刑法扩大了亵渎与叛教罪并承认“任何在世法律”，而马来西亚登嘉楼对漏掉一次周五礼拜的穆斯林男性可处最高3000林吉特（770美元）罚款和最长两年监禁。
数据表明马来西亚的制度化伊斯兰化更深：2026年预算给“伊斯兰发展”拨款26亿林吉特（6.42亿美元），是维护全部非穆斯林礼拜场所5000万林吉特的50倍。政治竞争也强化这一趋势，因为马来选民占选民总数60%，到2023年伊斯兰党已控制4个州并成为联邦议会最大单一政党（但仍属在野）。
印尼呈现的是社会驱动而非国家强制的虔诚上升：戴头巾女性比例从1990年代末约5%升至如今约四分之三，同时像自称拥有超1亿追随者的伊斯兰组织仍把伊斯兰与多元民主相结合。两国都显示社交媒体可把道德愤怒迅速转为治理行动（如马来西亚2024年在800家门店中的3家出现“真主”字样袜子后提控店主），因此总体统计趋势是宗教性上升，但马来西亚更偏向国家执行的一致性，而印尼仍维持受警惕支撑的多元主义。
South-East Asia’s focus has shifted from suppressing violent Islamist terrorism to managing peaceful Islamisation through politics, law, and social norms. Indonesia’s new criminal code broadened blasphemy and apostasy offences and recognised “any living law,” while Malaysia’s Terengganu state now allows penalties of up to 3,000 ringgit ($770) and up to two years in jail for Muslim men missing even one Friday prayer.
The numbers show deeper institutional Islamisation in Malaysia: the 2026 budget assigns 2.6bn ringgit ($642m) to “Islamic development,” a 50:1 ratio versus 50m ringgit for all non-Muslim worship sites. Political competition reinforces this trend because Malays are 60% of the electorate, and by 2023 PAS controlled four states and became the largest single party in federal parliament (while still in opposition).
Indonesia shows a socially driven rather than state-coercive rise in piety: women’s hijab use climbed from about 5% in the late 1990s to roughly three-quarters today, while organisations such as Nahdlatul Ulama, claiming over 100m followers, still frame Islam as compatible with pluralist democracy. In both countries, social media can rapidly convert moral outrage into state action (for example, Malaysia’s 2024 prosecution over “Allah” socks found at 3 of 800 stores), so the core statistical trend is rising religiosity with diverging channels: more state-enforced conformity in Malaysia and still-guarded pluralism in Indonesia.
Source: Modernisation is making South-East Asia more Islamic
Subtitle: Economic growth in Malaysia and Indonesia has not led to secularism
Dateline: 2月 26, 2026 08:17 上午 | Jakarta and Kuala Lumpur