美国商务部长霍华德·卢特尼克声称由荷兰ASML公司独家制造的极紫外（EUV）光刻机可能已流入中国，这一指控使全球技术实力的平衡陷入紧张状态。自2019年以来，美国一直阻止向中国出口EUV光刻机。ASML坚决否认了这一指控，并表示它追踪了所生产的所有340台EUV机器的准确位置，其中包括26台已退役的机器，并且没有一台在中国。尽管荷兰贸易大臣斯约德·斯约尔茨马在7月2日表示政府目前没有对这一未经证实的指控展开调查，但行业专家认为，虽然整机转移的可能性极低，但相关零部件可能已泄露，或者问题可能出在未受出口管制的旧型深紫外（DUV）光刻机上。在2025年，与DUV相关的对华出口约占ASML收入的三分之一。
这一冲突突显了围绕中国芯片快速发展以及特朗普政府单边措施的地缘政治摩擦。据报道，前ASML工程师于2025年在深圳完成了EUV样机的研制，目标是到2028年实现功能性芯片生产，尽管西方专家估计中国拥有实用的EUV机器仍需十年时间。与此同时，中芯国际和华为等中国企业正在突破DUV技术的极限，利用多重曝光技术生产7纳米以下的逻辑芯片。为了应对这一挑战，美国发起了“硅海和平”（Pax Silica）倡议，目前已赢得包括欧盟和荷兰在内的24个签署国的支持，以统一供应链监管。
与此同时，美国于4月份提出的具有两党支持的《MATCH法案》威胁要使紧张局势升级。该法案旨在阻止DUV销售，限制对中国现有机器的售后服务，并强迫盟友在150天内调整出口管制，否则将面临《外国直接产品规则》下的处罚。斯约尔茨马大臣批评了该法案的域外管辖延伸，并指出了限制DUV工具与美国允许向中国出口英伟达H200芯片之间的矛盾。中国已通过警告企业不得遵守美国制裁予以反击，此前在荷兰于9月份控制中资所有的安世半导体（Nexperia）后，中国曾对汽车供应链造成了严重干扰。
The global balance of technological power has been strained by allegations from US Commerce Secretary Howard Lutnick that an extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) lithography machine, made exclusively by Dutch firm ASML, may have reached China. The US has blocked EUV exports to China since 2019. ASML strongly denies the claim, stating it tracks the locations of all 340 EUV machines produced, including 26 decommissioned ones, and that none are in China. While Dutch Trade Minister Sjoerd Sjoerdsma stated on July 2nd that the government is not currently investigating the unverified claim, industry experts suggest that while a full machine transfer is unlikely, components could have been leaked, or the issue may stem from older deep-ultraviolet (DUV) machines. DUV-related exports to China generated about one-third of ASML's revenue in 2025.
The conflict underscores geopolitical friction regarding China's rapid chip development and the Trump administration's unilateral measures. Former ASML engineers reportedly completed an EUV prototype in 2025 in Shenzhen, aiming for functional chip production by 2028, though Western experts estimate a viable Chinese EUV is a decade away. Meanwhile, Chinese firms like SMIC and Huawei are pushing DUV capabilities using multi-patterning techniques to produce logic chips under seven nanometres. To counter this, the US initiated "Pax Silica," which has secured 24 signatories including the EU and the Netherlands to unify supply chain regulations.
Simultaneously, the bipartisan US MATCH Act, introduced in April, threatens to escalate tensions. The bill seeks to block DUV sales, restrict servicing for existing machines in China, and force allies to align export controls within 150 days or face penalties under the Foreign Direct Product Rule. Minister Sjoerdsma criticized the act's extraterritorial overreach, pointing out the hypocrisy of restricting DUV tools while the US permits Nvidia's H200 chip exports to China. China has retaliated by warning companies against complying with US sanctions, having previously disrupted automotive supply chains after the Netherlands took control of Chinese-owned Nexperia in September.
Source: Has China obtained the world’s most important machine?
Subtitle: Its Dutch manufacturer is fighting to rebut American claims
Dateline: Jul 09, 2026 06:35 AM | Taipei