荷兰与中国围绕 Nexperia 的纠纷暴露欧洲在脱离中国依赖过程中的薄弱议价力。荷兰于 9 月 30 日依据 1952 年《商品可得性法》下令接管 Nexperia，理由为资产与技术可能被“不当转移”至外国实体；但因中国立即阻断在华生产的成品出口、导致汽车制造商停产，荷兰于本周撤销接管令。Nexperia 80% 的通用半导体下游加工在中国完成，三分之一的欧盟“传统”芯片也依赖自中国进口，使本次争端迅速演变为供应链危机。
此次事件凸显欧洲高度依赖中国关键资源与材料：欧盟 80% 锂和 50% 稀土依赖中国，八成大型欧洲企业与中国稀土供应链存在交易。今年 4 月中国收紧稀土出口即迫使部分欧洲车企停产。欧中贸易逆差在 2024 年达 3,058 亿欧元，为十年前的 2.7 倍，其中半导体相关逆差达 98 亿欧元。尽管欧洲强化对中国的高端设备出口管制，但自身对中国的“ legacy chips ”与材料依赖程度限制了其施压空间。
谈判过程进一步暴露欧盟协同能力下降。荷兰虽声称与欧盟伙伴紧密合作，实际却是单独与中国交涉，因缺乏管理战略技术的欧盟统一框架。美国为保护其汽车业与中国谈判，使北京在中美峰会后立即部分放宽对 Nexperia 的出口禁令，而华盛顿也推迟一年将 Nexperia 列入实体清单。此结果促使欧盟成员国开始讨论建立统一机制以重建谈判筹码。
The dispute between the Netherlands and China over control of Nexperia exposed Europe’s limited leverage as it attempts to reduce reliance on Chinese supply chains. The Dutch government triggered the 1952 Goods Availability Act on Sept. 30 to seize the firm over risks of “improper transfer” of assets and technology, but reversed course this week after China immediately blocked exports of Nexperia products made in China, forcing automakers to halt output. Nexperia conducts 80% of downstream processing for general-purpose semiconductors in China, and one-third of the EU’s legacy chips are imported from China, turning the dispute into a rapid supply-chain shock.
The episode highlights Europe’s deep dependence on Chinese critical inputs: the EU imports 80% of its lithium and 50% of its rare earths from China, and eight in ten major European firms transact with Chinese rare-earth suppliers. China’s April tightening of rare-earth exports already forced some European automakers to suspend production. The EU’s trade deficit with China hit €305.8 billion in 2024, 2.7 times the level a decade earlier, with a €9.8 billion semiconductor-specific deficit. Although Europe is restricting exports of advanced equipment to China, its reliance on Chinese legacy chips and materials limits its ability to exert pressure.
Negotiations also exposed weakening EU coordination. Despite Dutch claims of working with partners, the Netherlands negotiated alone due to the absence of an EU-wide mechanism for strategic-technology governance. The situation shifted only after the U.S., seeking to safeguard its auto industry, engaged China; Beijing conditionally eased export restrictions after a bilateral summit, while Washington delayed Nexperia’s addition to the Entity List by one year. EU member states have since begun discussing frameworks to rebuild collective bargaining power.